JURNALISTRENDI : JURNAL LINGUISTIK, SASTRA, DAN PENDIDIKAN

Power Relations and Patriarchal Ideology: The Agency of Madurese Women in Indonesian Novels through Critical Discourse Analysis

Ria Kasanova — 2026-06-10

This study examines the representation of Madurese women in contemporary Indonesian novels using a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach. It focuses on how power relations and patriarchal ideologies are constructed and negotiated in Paraban Tuah, Damar Kambang, and Rumah Jeddah. This study aims to identify discursive strategies that naturalise women’s subordination while exploring the forms of agency embedded within the narrative structure. Employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional CDA model, this comparative analysis investigates the textual, discursive, and social dimensions of the novels. The findings reveal that patriarchy is naturalised through morally evaluative lexical choices, metaphors of honour, and deontic modalities that frame women’s obligations within the authority of custom and religion. At the narrative level, symbolic domination and the centralisation of male voices institutionalise power relations as the cultural norm. However, female characters are not portrayed as entirely passive; agency emerges through implicit resistance, domestic negotiation, and ambivalence between compliance and defiance in their lives. Theoretically, this study strengthens the application of critical discourse analysis in Indonesian literary studies and conceptualises agency as a discursive negotiation within ethnicity-based patriarchal structures

Analisis Semiotika dalam Perspektif Feminisme pada Film Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan

Fauzian Yudistira — 2026-07-02

This study aims to: 1) describe the forms of female sacrifice depicted in the film Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan; 2) describe the meaning of female sacrifice based on an analysis of denotation, connotation and myth using Roland Barthes’s semiotics; 3) to describe the meaning of women’s sacrifice from the perspective of Simone de Beauvoir’s existential feminism. This is a qualitative study employing a descriptive analytical method and Roland Barthes’s semiotic approach. The data for this study consist of scenes, dialogue and visual elements from the film that illustrate the forms of sacrifice exhibited by female characters, with the film Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (2025) by Yandi Laurens serving as the data source. Data collection was carried out through observation, note-taking and literature review. Furthermore, data validity was ensured through persistent observation and theoretical triangulation. Data analysis utilised the Miles and Huberman model, which encompasses data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research findings reveal four forms of female sacrifice: emotional sacrifice; sacrifice of time and energy; physical sacrifice; and sacrifice of career and future. Sacrifice in the film is not only interpreted as a form of love, but also as a representation of gender ideology that has been normalised within society. From the perspective of Simone de Beauvoir’s existential feminism, the character Sore tends to be positioned as the Other (the Liyan). The findings of this study contribute to the field of linguistics within the realm of semiotics by demonstrating how the system of signs in films constructs ideological meanings regarding gender relations through the levels of denotation, connotation and myth.

Maharah Qira’ah pada Buku Teks Bahasa Arab MA Kelas X : Perspektif Teori Mackey

Zidan Nugraha Febriansyah — 2026-07-02

This study analyses the construction of the presentation of maharah qira’ah in the Grade 10 Madrasah Aliyah Arabic textbook based on Mackey’s theory. The study employed a qualitative approach using a (content analysis) design. The data consisted of the maharah qira’ah material in Chapter 1 of the textbook, which was analysed through the four main aspects of Mackey’s theory, namely selection, gradation, presentation, and repetition. The research findings indicate that the qira’ah material in the textbook has systematically applied all four aspects of Mackey’s theory. In terms of selection, the material contains vocabulary and language structures relevant to the themes of self-identity and the madrasah environment. In terms of gradation, the text is structured from general information towards more detailed information, thereby facilitating students’ understanding. In terms of presentation, the meaning of the vocabulary and the content of the reading are supported by the use of images that aid the process of interpretation. In terms of repetition, the exercises presented not only reiterate the information but also encourage pupils to identify, categorise and reconstruct the content of the reading material based on the information obtained from the text. This study demonstrates that the integration of selection, gradation, presentation, and repetition forms a structured reading instruction design that supports the gradual development of meaning comprehension. The contribution of this study is to provide empirical evidence regarding the relevance of Mackey’s theory in the analysis of Arabic teaching materials, particularly in relation to reading skills. These findings also offer a model for evaluating teaching materials based on Mackey’s theory, which can be utilised in the development of textbooks and applied linguistic research in the field of Arabic language learning in madrasahs.

Pemerolehan Sintaksis pada Anak Gifted dengan Speech Delay: Studi Psikolinguistik

Wahyu Agustina — 2026-07-06

This study aims to analyse language development in gifted children with speech delay, focusing on syntactic acquisition and the factors influencing this process. The subject of this study was an 8-year-old child diagnosed with giftedness and speech delay at an early age. Research data were obtained through triangulation of sources, including observation, interviews with parents and teachers, and documentation of the child’s language development. The results of the study indicate that the child tends to use simple sentences with telegraphic patterns in most of their communication. Complex sentence structures emerged in the context of directed tasks. This suggests that vocabulary acquisition does not always go hand in hand with the ability to construct complex sentence structures. The delay in syntactic acquisition is not caused by low cognitive ability, but rather by difficulties in regulating language production, which results in a predominance of simple sentence structures and limited syntactic patterns. This study also found that social stimulation and interaction with parents, teachers and peers play a major role in accelerating language acquisition. The implications of this research emphasise the importance of an individualised, socially stimulating approach to learning in supporting the syntactic development of gifted children with speech delay.

Konstruksi Makna pada Nama-Nama Rumah Makan Batak di Kota Bandung: Kajian Semantik

Ester Sarumaha — 2026-07-03

This study aims to describe the lexical meanings embedded in the names of Batak restaurants in Bandung. The research data consist of 20 Batak restaurant names collected through observation and documentation techniques. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method using the semantic approach proposed by Foley (1978, as cited in Kurniati, 2025). The analysis focused on the lexical meanings attached to words or word combinations used in restaurant names. The findings reveal that the names of Batak restaurants convey meanings related to ethnic identity, kinship, geographical origin, aspirations, and elements of Batak culture. These findings indicate that restaurant naming functions not only as a business identity but also as a reflection of the cultural values, experiences, and social identity of the Batak community. Therefore, the naming of Batak restaurants can be understood as a linguistic practice that preserves and represents cultural identity within a multicultural urban context.

Keywords: semantics, lexical meaning, naming, Batak restaurants.

Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion Analysis of Arabic Learning Videos on the Learn with Zakaria YouTube Channel

Feby Moch Febrian — 2026-07-06

The rapid growth of YouTube as a medium for Arabic language learning has raised the need to examine not only its functional aspects but also the linguistic quality of the verbal explanations it delivers, particularly how discourse coherence is constructed through cohesive devices. This study aims to analyze the types, forms, and functions of grammatical and lexical cohesion devices used in Arabic learning videos on the YouTube channel Learn with Zakaria. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a content analysis design. From a population of 27 eligible videos uploaded within one year, three representative videos were purposively selected and analyzed based on the cohesion categories proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976). The findings revealed 308 cohesion devices, consisting of grammatical cohesion (reference and conjunction) and lexical cohesion (reiteration and collocation). Among these, personal reference, additive conjunction, and repetition emerged as the most frequently used cohesive devices, while substitution and ellipsis were not identified because the utterances tended to employ explicit rather than economical language forms to facilitate audience comprehension. In conclusion, the learning videos employ cohesion integratively to establish discourse unity through referential relationships, gradual addition of information, and vocabulary repetition to maintain topic focus. These findings contribute to the development of cohesion studies in digital Arabic learning media and provide practical implications for developing Arabic learning videos that are more communicative, systematic, and easier for learners to understand.

Prestise di Balik Perayaan Kematian: Kajian Budaya Atas Film Tulang Belulang Tulang

Naila Abyantika Pramesthi — 2026-07-09

This study identifies the cultural dynamics present in the film Tulang Belulang Tulang (2024) by Sammaria Sari Simanjuntak using Raymond Williams’ theory, specifically focusing on dominant, residual, and emergent values. This study employs a qualitative approach using content analysis. Data were collected by observing and recording dialogues and visual elements that illustrate cultural dynamics in the film Tulang Belulang Tulang. The data analysis technique used is the Miles and Huberman method, which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This study identified 15 data points comprising cultural dynamics according to Williams, namely dominant, residual, and emergent. The results reveal three layers of culture within the Mangokal Holi traditional ceremony. Seven data points represent dominant culture. Dominant culture exerts hegemony over traditional practitioners in terms of social status. Meanwhile, three data points were identified under residual values. Residual values seek to preserve the sanctity of ancestors amidst modernity. Furthermore, four data points represent emergent values. The presence of emergent values serves as a critical form that prioritizes rationality and honesty. These three value categories demonstrate that culture is a dynamic interplay between the legacy of the past, the demands of the present, and the ethical corrections of the future. This study makes a theoretical contribution by expanding the application of Raymond Williams’s cultural theory to Indonesian films, while also enriching critical scholarship on the dynamics of local cultural adaptation in the modern era.

Keywords: cultural studies, Raymond Williams, Batak culture, Mangokal Holi, Tulang Belulang Tulang.

Simbolis Sosial dalam Lirik Lagu Rumah Kita melalui Analisis Wacana Kritis Model Fairclough

Anisa Puspita Sari — 2026-07-10

This study aims to analyse and elucidate the social symbolic meanings relating to the construction of self-identity and the definition of happiness hidden within the narrative of simplicity in the lyrics of the song Rumah Kita. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, this study applies Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis model through three main dimensions: the textual dimension (microstructural), discourse practices (mesostructural), and sociocultural practices (macrostructural), with data comprising the lyrics of the song Rumah Kita, collected through note-taking from official digital sources. The findings regarding the textual dimension indicate that the use of agrarian vocabulary, rhetorical declarative-interrogative sentences, and the plural personal pronoun “we” strategically transforms physical limitations into identity sovereignty. Furthermore, in the discourse practice dimension, the production and consumption of the text are influenced by the empirical anxieties of urban migrants, thereby making this song a medium for mass cultural resistance. Meanwhile, in the sociocultural practice dimension, the text has the potential to serve as an instrument of counter-hegemony against 1980s capitalism by integrating the Javanese philosophy of nrimo ing pandum. The findings of this research contribute to the development of linguistic studies, particularly Critical Discourse Analysis, by enriching our understanding of how linguistic choices in song lyrics construct identity, representations of happiness, and the ideologies represented through the relationship between textual structure, discursive practices, and sociocultural context.

Kognisi Sosial Media dan Representasi Aktor Sosial dalam Pemberitaan Kekerasan terhadap Jurnalis

Siti Noorjannah Moegis — 2026-07-03

This study aims to examine the dimensions of social cognition in news coverage of violence against journalists on Tempo.co and Kompas.com using Teun A. Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, integrated with Van Leeuwen’s (1996) framework of social actor representation as a form of theoretical triangulation. The data consist of 22 news articles—11 from Tempo.co and 11 from Kompas.com—selected purposively from the period 2017–2026, with the units of analysis including word choice, narrative structure, patterns of source selection, and direct quotations. The results of the analysis reveal two fundamentally different mental models: Tempo.co operates from a mental model of state violence as an attack on democracy, featuring institutional categorization and arguments regarding historical impunity, whereas Kompas.com operates from a mental model of violence as an event that must be verified in a balanced manner, featuring personal nominations and presumed epistemic modalities. These differences are structural in nature, operating consistently through word choice, source selection patterns, and quotation structures. This study contributes to the development of AWK methodology through the operationalization of Van Dijk’s social cognition based on verified textual evidence, as well as a multi-year comparative design that has never before been applied to two major Indonesian media institutions.

Metode Penerjemahan QS. Luqman Ayat 13-15 Tentang Pendidikan Anak: Studi Komparatif Terjemahan Kementerian Agama 2019 dan Tarjamah Tafsiriyah

Reza Alpandi — 2026-07-10

This study aims to identify the translation methods used in both translations and to analyse the trends in their translation orientation when representing messages on children’s education. This study employs a qualitative approach with a comparative study design. The research data consist of linguistic units from Surah Luqman, verses 13–15, which were analysed using Newmark’s (1988) theory of translation methods. The results indicate that the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs’ translation predominantly employs literal and semantic methods oriented towards the source language, thus tending to preserve the structure, formality and closeness of meaning to the original text of the Qur’an. Conversely, Tarjamah Tafsiriyah predominantly employs communicative and free methods through the explicitation of meaning and the adaptation of the target language’s structure. These differing orientations result in variations in the representation of messages regarding children’s education within the translated texts. Tarjamah Tafsiriyah tends to present messages more explicitly by adding contextual elements of meaning, whilst the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs’ translation places greater emphasis on preserving the meaning and form of the source text. The findings of this study indicate that differences in translation methods result in differences in the representation of educational messages for children in these two translations of the Qur’an.

Penguatan Proses Metakognitif Mahasiswa melalui Model Reflective Writing Learning dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Kalimat Efektif di Perguruan Tinggi

Wita Dwi Payana — 2026-07-12

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penerapan model reflective writing learning berorientasi metakognitif terhadap kemampuan menulis kalimat efektif mahasiswa. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menerapakan posttest-only control group design. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas dua kelompok, yaitu kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen, masing-masing berjumlah 20 mahasiswa yang dipilih secara purposive. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes tertulis berupa posttest kemampuan menulis kalimat efektif. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial yang meliputi uji normalitas, uji homogenitas varians, dan uji independent samples t-test. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata posttest kelas kontrol sebesar 58,50 dengan simpangan baku 17,554, sedangkan kelas eksperimen memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 79,50 dengan simpangan baku 14,318. Selisih rata-rata nilai posttest antara kedua kelompok sebesar 21,00. Hasil uji independent samples t-test menunjukkan nilai t sebesar −4,146 dengan derajat kebebasan 38 dan nilai signifikansi dua arah < 0,001. Data pendukung ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan capaian kemampuan menulis kalimat efektif antara kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen setelah penerapan perlakuan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa penerapan model reflective writing learning berorientasi metakognitif dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pembelajaran untuk mendukung pengembangan kemampuan menulis kalimat efektif mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi.

Bias Gender dalam Berita Penangkapan Ahed Tamimi oleh Tentara Israel

Betty Ayunda Wulandari — 2026-06-21

Abstract

News about women's cases is often encountered both in online and print media. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender bias contained in the news of Ahed Tamimi's arrest by Israeli troops in online news TribunJatim.com and TribunJateng.com and what forms of framing exist in it. This research included descriptive qualitative research using Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis study. Online media TribunJatim.com and TribunJateng.com were the subject of this study, and online news articles revealing the case of Ahed Tamimi's arrest as the object of research. The results of this study show that, First, articles in online media TribunJatim.com and TribunJateng.com place the victim as an object by not providing space for the victim to tell the chronology of events through his point of view. Second, the author gives a more complete identity to male characters than females. Third, the author is more exposed from the point of Ahed's guilt without considering from the side of the Israeli army.

Keywords: Ahed Tamimi, critical discourse analysis, Sara Mills, gender bias

The Effect of Contextual Learning Strategies on the Ability to Write Poetry For Grade VIII Students of MTSN Tanjungbalai

Fahliza Syahira — 2026-07-20

This study aims to determine the effect of contextual learning strategies (CSLS) on the poetry writing skills of eighth-grade students at MTsN Tanjung Balai. The study used a quantitative approach with experimental methods and design.pretest-posttest control groupThe study population consisted of 320 students spread across 10 classes. The study sample consisted of two classes: class VIII-1 as the experimental class implementing SPK and class VIII-4 as the control class using expository learning strategies. Data collection was conducted through a poetry writing ability test, then analyzed using statistical techniques to test the effect of the treatment. The results showed that the average score of students' poetry writing ability at thepretestwas 67.81, while the average value of the experimental class after the implementation of SPK increased to 77.50. The results of the analysis also showed that contextual learning strategies had a significant effect on the poetry writing ability of grade VIII students at MTsN Tanjung Balai. The implications of this study indicate that contextual learning strategies can be used as an effective learning alternative to improve poetry writing skills because they are able to connect material with students' real experiences, thereby encouraging creativity, imagination, and the ability to express ideas in the form of poetry.

Women's Language Features In Female Characters The Secret Of Moonacre Movie: A Sociolinguistic Study

Indah Puspita Mahdiyah — 2026-07-27

This research explores the relationship between language functions and women's language features in conversations among female characters in the film The Secret of Moonacre. Using a qualitative content analysis of transcripts, it applies Lakoff’s model of women’s language and Jakobson’s language functions (as cited in Juanda, 2022). Seven features of women’s language were identified and quantified: lexical hedges (23%), rising intonation on declaratives (13%), superpolite forms (16%), empty adjectives (13%), tag questions (10%), avoidance of strong swear words (13%), and emphatic stress (10%). The results indicate that these linguistic features and functions play a significant role in shaping interpersonal relationships; appropriate word choice and function use can enhance conversational effectiveness and strengthen social bonds. The study contributes to sociolinguistics by showing how women’s language characteristics and language functions interrelate in film dialogue, offering insights into gendered communication in mediated contexts.

Intersemiosis Elemen Verbal-Visual dalam Penyampaian Makna pada Website Fundraising di Korea Selatan

Inggri Dwi Ramjani — 2026-07-31

Nonprofit fundraising websites now function as multimodal communication spaces that integrate verbal and visual elements into a single system of meaning. This study analyzes the construction of ideational meaning on three South Korean NGO fundraising websites (Good Neighbors Korea, Community Chest of Korea, Green Umbrella ChildFund Korea) featuring campaigns to assist vulnerable children. The study employs a Multimodal Discourse Analysis approach using three frameworks: the transitivity framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics for verbal elements (Kim et al., 2023), representational meaning and types of narrative processes for visual elements (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006), and Unsworth’s (2006) concept of intersemiosis for intermodal relationships. Data were collected in November 2025 through digital documentation of 29 screenshots, yielding 224 verbal clauses. The results show that verbal representations were dominated by P2: Undergoer and material processes, while visual representations were dominated by conceptual symbolic representations—particularly food objects interpreted as symbols of need. Intersemiosis relationships were equally dominated by Concurrence: exposition and complementarity: augmentation (text extends image), indicating that the text expands the visual meaning by adding social context and the rationale for the need for assistance. These findings confirm that fundraising websites are multimodal spaces where language and visuals work together to construct social meaning about vulnerable children, with implications for the design of nonprofit digital fundraising messages so that social issues are understood more concretely and contextually.

Komodifikasi Bahasa dan Citra Usaha: Kajian Lanskap Linguistik Kuliner di Kota Pamekasan

Titik Wahyuni — 2026-07-31

The intense competition in the industrial sector is driving a shift in the function of language use in the public sphere. As a means of communication, the linguistic landscape plays a crucial role in connecting business owners and consumers. This study aims to examine the commodification of language in the culinary linguistic landscape in Pamekasan City, encompassing the forms of language use, commodification practices, and their implications for the formation of business image. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were obtained through observation, documentation, and note-taking techniques. Then, they were analyzed using an interactive analysis model consisting of data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that language use in the culinary linguistic landscape consists of monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual forms with variations in the use of Madurese, Indonesian, English, Arabic, and Javanese. The dominance of Madurese indicates a very strong local identity for the Pamekasan community. Furthermore, there is clear evidence of language commodification, demonstrated through the use of language in LL as a commercial attraction, shaping consumer perceptions, and a symbol of business differentiation. This has implications for the formation of a business image, such as a modern, religious, friendly, unique, and authentic impression. Thus, the linguistic landscape serves not only as an information medium but also as a strategic tool for building the economic value and identity of culinary businesses in the public sphere.

Kesantunan Berbahasa pada Kolom Komentar Media Sosial Instagram @infombg: Studi Linguistik Forensik

Dzakiyah Mega Wangi — 2026-07-31

This study examines the politeness strategies and principles employed by social media users in the comment section of the Instagram account @infombg regarding the Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) program. As a strategic national policy, the MBG program has sparked widespread debate on social media, often testing the boundaries of linguistic ethics. Using a descriptive qualitative research design, this study examines netizens’ comments to identify speech patterns with forensic value. Data were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s politeness approach and Leech’s politeness principles, integrated within a forensic linguistic framework to interpret intent, potential harm, and distinguish between constructive criticism and harmful discourse. The results reveal various strategies, including Bald on Record, Positive, Negative Politeness, and Off Record, as well as compliance with or violations of the maxims of wisdom, generosity, acceptance, humility, agreement, and sympathy. This study emphasizes the crucial role of forensic linguistics in analyzing digital communication to ensure public discourse remains ethical and to assist law enforcement in distinguishing between freedom of speech and hate speech.

Beyond 5W + 1H: Deconstructing 'The Jakarta Post' through Fruit-Based Mnemonic Strategy in Reading Classes

Enid Manyaku Pitsoane — 2026-07-31

This study addresses the pervasive issue of ‘pedagogical fatigue’ among undergraduate students when engaging with complex, authentic English journalistic texts. Specifically, it explores the deconstruction of The Jakarta Post through a novel intervention termed the ‘Fruit-Based Mnemonic Strategy’ (Gastro-phonetic approach). Employing a qualitative case study design, the research involved ten purposively selected students—identified as LYF, DUR, RWX, SLX, HWW, EUR, BTN, NEP, IDD, and IHY—who initially exhibited significant cognitive barriers and disengagement during reading tasks. The intervention was conducted over 16 intensive sessions, utilizing sensory-anchored acronyms (such as: Watermelon, into Hazelnut) to bridge the gap between abstract 5W + 1H elements and student comprehension. Data were gathered through a dual-instrument approach consisting of pre- and post-tests, alongside structured questionnaires to monitor psychological shifts. The findings reveal a notable improvement in linguistic competence, evidenced by a significant increasing in students’ analytical depth and their ability to deconstruct causal relationships within complex news leads. Qualitatively, the gastro-phonetic strategy functioned as a affective scaffold, effectively was associated with a shift from disengagement toward greater cognitive engagement. The study concludes that sensory-based mnemonics offer a viable pedagogical alternative for educators seeking to improve literacy outcomes in tertiary English language teaching (ELT). These results suggest that integrating relatable, mnemonic anchors can mitigate learner fatigue and foster a more resilient academic identity in non-native English speakers

Metafora Konseptual Bahasa Sunda dalam Wacana Food Vlogger pada Kanal YouTube Ncess Nabati

Gilang Kusnadi — 2026-08-27

Rasa merupakan pengalaman indrawi yang sulit diungkapkan tanpa pemetaan lintas ranah, sedangkan kajian metafora kuliner pada bahasa daerah masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pemetaan lintas ranah metafora konseptual dalam tuturan food vlogger berbahasa Sunda serta menafsirkan konseptualisasi budaya di baliknya. Rancangan kualitatif deskriptif diterapkan pada dua tayangan kanal YouTube Ncess Nabati yang dipilih secara purposif. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode simak dengan teknik simak bebas libat cakap, lalu dianalisis menggunakan Metaphor Identification Procedure, tipologi Lakoff dan Johnson, serta kerangka Linguistik Kultural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 24 dari 28 tuturan terverifikasi metaforis, terdiri atas 14 metafora struktural, 9 ontologis, dan 1 orientasional, yang bersumber pada sebelas klaster ranah sumber dengan klaster tubuh manusia sebagai klaster terbesar. Sebanyak 41,67% korpus memanfaatkan ranah bermuatan ancaman dan kerusakan fisik. Kekhasan konseptualisasi Sunda terletak pada leksikon ekspresif yang ikonis, penjangkaran evaluasi rasa pada ranah religi, serta pemanfaatan ranah agraris dan perairan.